In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the level of productivity has increased, and textile products have become rich and colorful. Modern people attach importance to functional textile products, develop textile fabrics with loose, casual and hygienic health, and pursue the cleanliness and comfort of the living environment, especially for young people to be more sensitive and inclined. Most fiber manufacturing The industry is focusing on this trend, constantly researching and improving the function of fiber products, inhibiting the reproduction of microorganisms, developing antibacterial and deodorant fiber products, expanding its application range, and meeting people's needs.

According to people's propensity to consume, from the perspective of China's geographical conditions and people's living habits, the pursuit of cleanliness and comfort of the daily life environment, textile functional finishing has played a role in enhancing the added value and functionality of the fiber. In the sense of antibacterial hygiene, advanced antibacterial textiles in the 21st century are an important means of resisting microbial attack.

one. Invasion by microorganisms, causing damage to fibrous products

1. The deterioration of fiber:

Textile products undergo a deterioration under the action of microorganisms, and their strength is lowered and the quality is lowered. There are many types of microorganisms associated with this. They generally live in everyday environments. The degree of damage to the fiber by microorganisms is determined by the type of fiber, the type of processing material, the type of strain, and the factors (humidity, temperature, pH, nutrient basis, etc.).

The main microorganisms that damage fiber products are bacteria and fungi, and the relationship between the propagation time of microorganisms and tensile strength is proportional to the growth rate of microorganisms attached to contaminated fibers. The damage factors to the fabric caused by microorganisms are composed of three elements: dirt, environmental hygiene and fiber. For example, liquid egg, juice, soy sauce, and black tea have a small degree of damage to the fabric. Antibacterial and deodorant fiber products, the worst antibacterial power of the milk stained cloth, followed by MSG, fruit juice, soy sauce.

The difficulty of washing and removing contaminants is the most difficult to adsorb proteinaceous dirt. The textiles that adhere to the dirt form environmental conditions in which microorganisms are easy to reproduce, and promote the decomposition of proteins, sugars, etc. to produce a large amount of amino substance irritating gas. Produces odor. The dirt that grows on the protein is fixed to a semi-solid state after a certain period of time, and the water-like substance is changed by the action of ultraviolet rays or microorganisms. The oil-producing substance is difficult to remove by oxidation and saponification. In terms of preventing fabric damage, it is very important to rinse in time and remove the dirt quickly.

2 The adhesion of the pigment to the textile to which the dirt adheres causes the metabolism of the microorganism to cause the adhesion of the pigment. The metabolism of the mold produces stains and forms the dirt of the fabric, which is the pigment accumulation of the fibers. Metabolites include: glycine, ethine (citric acid), citric acid (tannic acid), tannic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, silicic acid, and the like. When the fabric is discolored, depending on the type of the microorganism, the pigment attached to the fabric is also different, and the fabric garment is contaminated by microorganisms. According to the type of microorganisms, a specific color tone is presented, as shown in Table 1.

3. Odor

(1) Factors concerning the malodor of textiles

When textiles are used, metabolites such as sebum and epidermis from the surface of the skin, as well as living contaminants such as external condiments, cause fouling of the contaminated textiles. Moreover, the insulation property, oxygen permeability and hygroscopicity of the fabric are lowered, and the wearing feeling is uncomfortable.

People unknowingly excrete steam from the body, and one person excretes 600-900 ml/day on average every day, so we have so much water evaporation every day. Therefore, even underwear that does not feel sweaty is in a wet state, and there are special skin tissues such as feet, palms, underarms, etc., which are often moist.

(2) sweat and sebum

Khan is secreted by sweat gland cells and is considered to be a diluted aqueous urea solution, as shown in Table 2. The water content is 99%, and the solid matter is 0.3%-0.8%. The amount of sweating in the human body is determined by the working environment and conditions, usually about 3kg/day.

The factors of sweating, as shown in Table 3, are roughly divided into three categories: spirit, temperature and taste. In terms of body temperature regulation, it is warm and sweaty, and this type of sweating is mainly caused by sweat glands. By the time of puberty, the sweat glands are developed, and the sweat glands are increased in sweat. The secretion of sweat glands is related to the stench.

Sebum is a substance secreted by the rupture of sebaceous gland cells. The amount of secretion is different from season to season and different from person to person. Usually, it is about 14ml/day. As shown in Figure 2, sweat glands are developed and become sebaceous glands. Sebum is a mixture of sweat, dust and other milky substances. It stains textiles into oily stains and cannot be easily removed.

(3) common bacteria on the skin

There are many kinds of microorganisms on the surface of our skin. It is usually bacteria and fungi that live on the skin. If it is not often cleaned with detergent, it will cause abnormal reproduction of fungi, causing rough surface and causing fungal infections.

On the one hand, it is necessary to prevent the intrusion of harmful microorganisms, and on the other hand, to remove the odorless sweat and prevent the generation of sweat odor. Sweat odor and odor are caused by the skin's metabolism by external microorganisms, wastes such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and pollutants such as pollutants, which produce low-grade fatty acids and volatile compounds. .

3. The role of clothing and pollution

In addition to being taken as a body temperature regulator, it also has the function of isolating internal and external dirt and protecting the surface of the skin.

Generally, the dirt attached to the outer garment is dust, soot, and microorganisms. The dirt attached to the underwear is mainly: steam, sweat, sebum and dander. Their performance states are water-soluble substances dissolved in water and oil-soluble soils which are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solutions and detergents, solid dirt insoluble in water and organic solvents, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

Protected from the skin to prevent the adsorption of these dirt and keep the skin surface clean. About 70% of the dirt adhering to the underwear is a water-soluble substance in which skin cells are decomposed, and oil-soluble substances such as insoluble dirt, lipids, proteins, and pigments are dominant.

4 . Microbial and ozone intensity in the state of clothing

Underwear, underwear, socks and other fiber products, when exposed to the skin surface of sweat, sebum, dirt and other metabolic waste, become a good nutrient for bacteria. Especially in the summer with high temperature and humidity, it is the most suitable condition for bacterial growth. Therefore, the bacteria on the skin move to the surface of the fiber as the wearing time elapses, resulting in reproduction as shown in FIG. The attached microorganisms were 5.2 colonies per square centimeter after 1 hour, and 97 colonies per square centimeter after 3 hours. After 3-4 hours, accelerated reproduction began, that is, after undressing, the reproduction was also slowly In progress.

The reproduction of common bacteria on the skin does not multiply at the same rate due to differences in environmental conditions on the surface of the fiber. The breeding strains are also different, so the common bacteria that move to the surface of the fiber will lose their balance and will produce malodor and cause skin inflammation. The odorous bacteria are secreted in large amounts into organic and amine soils. The odor intensity of the socks after 7 hours of wearing was shown in the odor tester newly shown in the photograph 1, and the test results are shown in Table 5.

After the antibacterial and deodorant treatment socks are worn, the odor intensity is 6-36 mv, 4.1-17.9 ml after metal processing, and 5.4-30.7 mv after processing of the commercially available antibacterial and deodorant processed product. Unprocessed socks have a higher odor than socks that are antibacterial and deodorant. The number of attached bacteria was not processed as: log4.74-8.538, after metal processing: log2.644-5.983, and after commercial processing of antibacterial processed products: log 3.18-6.838, apparently the number of unprocessed sock bacteria was large. Therefore, the antibacterial and deodorant-treated socks show an effect of inhibiting bacterial growth and deodorization.

The relationship between the number of bacteria attached to the sock and the number of fungi is as follows: The unrelated value is 0.575, the processed 0.353, and the F test is 99% effective. The relative numerical comparison between them is 1.6 times that of the unprocessed, so this result reveals that the amount of microorganisms attached to the processed and unprocessed socks is different.

The relationship between the odor intensity and the number of attached microorganisms measured by the odor measuring device is shown in Table 7. The correlation value of the bacteria is 0.184 for the unprocessed, 0.826 for the processing, 0.538 for the unprocessed fungus, and 0.586 for the processing. The relevant values ​​for the combination of bacteria and fungi were 0.776 for unprocessed and 0.625 for processing. These relationships are subject to F-test and the results are valid at 99%. The relationship between odor intensity and attached microorganisms is 1.5-1.4 times greater than the number of fungi compared to the number of fungi, so this result reveals that the odor generated by the worn socks is compared with the attached fungus. Big.

5. Antibacterial and deodorant processing

The appearance, feel, and luster of textile fabrics are extremely poor. Due to the low value of the products, most of them cannot be used for practical purposes. Therefore, in order to impart appropriate use to the fabric and improve the take-up property and performance, subsequent processing as shown in Table 8 is carried out.

The processing of cloth is divided into general processing and special processing. The former adjusts the shape and structure state, giving the appearance a change. The latter performs a physicochemical treatment on the cloth to improve its performance, giving special functions. The antibacterial and deodorant processing is a special finishing process of the cloth as appropriate in Table 8.

6 antibacterial and deodorant processing and purpose

Antibacterial and deodorant processing is to reduce the microbial degradation of the fabric and the adhesion and discoloration of the stain, prevent the odor of the fabric, and process the textile with the antibacterial and antifungal agent to impart the antibacterial property to the fabric. Through the processing, the root cause of the odor of the fabric is eliminated, the proliferation of microorganisms on the fabric is suppressed, and a healthy and hygienic environment is maintained.

The main purpose of antibacterial and deodorant processing is not only to protect the fiber material from microbial contamination, but more importantly to protect the health and reduce the path of cross infection. The currently commercially available antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products have a good effect on preventing self-contamination of fibers, mildew prevention, and prevention of environmental pollution.

7. Development of antibacterial and deodorant processing

The history of antibacterial and deodorant processing is very old. As early as 4,000 years ago, Egypt used a certain drug treatment cloth to protect the mummies. In the late 1900s, plant antibacterial agents were used to protect textiles from microbial damage. In Germany in 1935, the first use of quaternary ammonium salts for military uniforms prevented repeated infections after injury. From 1947 to 1949, Americans treated diapers, wraps, and towels with quaternary ammonium compounds to prevent diaper rashes and omnivorous skin disorders in young children. 2. The British used antibacterial materials to treat blankets and mattress covers from 1952 to 1955.

China's antibacterial and deodorant processing history is relatively short. Beginning with the introduction of chemical antibacterial finishing agents from the United States, this period is the introduction period. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was no major development during the consolidation phase, and this period was a mature period. Since the 1970s, antibacterial technology has developed rapidly, and it is remarkable in terms of safety, durability, and antibacterial processing technology. This period is the development period. Bowdu, Shenye, Mizuno, Zhongwu, etc. Development has made a big contribution.

8. Antibacterial and deodorant processing agent

The most recent information on the most recent commercially available antibacterial and deodorant processing agents in Table 10 is that an antibacterial agent that binds a glossy chemical structure to the active group of cystine of wool, and is heated by ultraviolet irradiation, produces dioxane. 2 hydroxy, phenyl-2', 4'-2 chloroanisole, etc.

9. Antibacterial and deodorant processing method

If the antibacterial and deodorant processing method is classified, it can be divided into the chart 11 and the post-processing method and the original wire improvement method. From January 1988 to December 1991, there were 158 patents on antibacterial and deodorant processing, including 117 post-processing methods and 41 original liquid processing methods. At present, about 74% of the products processed by the former on the market.

The post-treatment processing method is further divided into a) using a reactive resin to bond the antibacterial agent to the fiber surface. B) Adsorption of fibers by an antibacterial agent c) Covalent bonding to the fabric by an antibacterial agent. The original silk improvement processing method is to use the antibacterial agent in the manufacturing stage of the synthetic fiber, and to mix and spun in the propylene or nylon polymer, so that the antibacterial agent is contained in the fiber and the antibacterial agent is solidified in the process of manufacturing the copper ammonia fiber. A method of dispersing copper compound particles inside a fiber during regeneration. The products manufactured by these processing methods are listed in Table 11. The antibacterial effects of these products vary depending on the processing method.

Although the antibacterial and deodorant processing has the same processing purpose, it is necessary to consider the means to adjust the strength of the antibacterial effect.

10. Current status and existing problems of antimicrobial evaluation methods

The test methods for the antimicrobial activity are as shown in Table 13, and can be classified into an antibacterial test and an antifungal test. The former is divided into a Halo method for measuring an inoculant stop band and a method for reducing the number of bacteria for measuring the number of bacteria. The test cloth was wetted with a small amount of the bacterial culture medium, and the immersion method of the test and the oscillating method in which the test cloth was placed in a large amount of the culture solution while shaking were carried out. The latter anti-mildew test cloth, JISZ 2911 mold resistance test method, test fungal growth process, Humidity-jar Test for the record antibacterial as experimental method.

In the antibacterial test method standardized by JIS in China, the JISZ8911 resistance test method of four kinds of fungi and its improvement method are used, and the antibacterial test method JISL1902 for textile products which evaluates the antibacterial force by preventing the formation of a band is used. AATCC Test Method 90 is generally used in the antibacterial test. Currently, the Fiber Products Processing Association stipulates that the dissolution-type product uses the bacterial growth inhibition test method, and the non-dissolved product uses the shakeflask method to evaluate the antibacterial force. However, these experimental methods have problems as shown in Table 14, in order to To solve these problems, close to the actual wearing conditions, the Fiber Products Sanitary Processing Association is currently undergoing revision of the JIS standardization of quantitative antibacterial experimental methods. The antibacterial test methods include: Korea's New agarplate Method, Sino-Ukrainian colorimetric method, modified bacterial growth inhibition method, modified Shake Flask method, and anti-mildew test method, tail Qi's fungal quantitative evaluation method, Huishan's white peony Bacterial growth retardation effect prevention method, Nakajima fungi prevention efficacy evaluation method.

11. Safety of antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products

At the 12th general meeting on July 19, 1988, the Fiber Products Sanitary Processing Agreement set its own standards for the evaluation criteria (antibacterial and deodorizing effects, durability, safety), and antibacterial to a certain standard. Deodorant-treated fiber products, as a guarantee for consumers' quality, are obliged to mark the SEK mark like the one in Figure 4, which is intended to distinguish it from other products and give consumers a sense of security.

For products with a certain standard A type (dissolved type) processing agent, the difference between the unprocessed product and the unprocessed product is determined by the inhibition test method, and the value is increased to 1.6 or higher. The B type (non-dissolved type) processing agent (organic - - the difference between the product and the unprocessed of the fourth grade - salt), the shakeFlask method should achieve a reduction rate of 26% or more, and the durability of the processing effect is based on the JISL0217-103 method. Washing experiments repeated washing 10 times should also achieve the above antibacterial force, and in terms of safety, must comply with the toxicity review project of Table 15.

12. The appearance and future exhibition of antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products

The recent antibacterial and deodorant processing, under the young people's love of cleaning habits and the active expansion of the use of the fiber industry strategy, is like "office workers, clean beauty" and other popular products appear to sell well, estimated to be 1400 in 1990 In the future, with the expansion of MRSA's use of new antibacterial and deodorant, it will increase by about 20% per year.

The patent application for antibacterial and deodorant processing is like 16th. In 1987, 6 pieces were 5.1% in 1990, 27 pieces were 22.9% in 1992, 31 pieces were 26.3%, and the recent growth rate was 1-3%. It can be observed that all enterprises are in In this regard, the investment in the area is increased. On the other hand, the number of pieces in deodorization processing is 14 in 1987, 13.7% in 1990, 21 in 20.6%, and in 1992, 8 in 7.4%, and recently decreased by 6-7%, compared with antibacterial and deodorant. The tendency to decrease.

According to the number of patent applications in the month, as shown in Table 17, antibacterial and deodorant processing in March: 13 pieces of 11.0%, June: 16 pieces of 13.6%, October: 17 pieces of 14.4%, December: 12 pieces of 10.3%, deodorization processing In terms of August, October and December, each of the 12 pieces was 11.8% in November and 14 cases were 13.7%. The two patent applications were 23.5% in June, 10.5% in October, and 13.2% in October. In November and December, they were 24.9%, which had a tendency to apply for patents at the end of the year.

Moreover, in the development direction of the recent antibacterial and deodorant processing, the development of products containing functions listed in Table 18 is attracting attention, and gradually develops to meet the needs of consumers.

For the production of antibacterial products for organic fibers, as shown in Table 19, 530 tons in 1990 and 580 tons in 1992, the growth rate is 10%. In 1995, the production is expected to reach 700 tons, and the growth rate is estimated to be 32%. In 1990, it was 1.56 billion yuan, and in 1992 it was 1.75 billion yuan. In 1995, the turnover was expected to reach 2.1 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 35%.

Because of the hospital infection caused by MRSA, Jevens first discovered in 1961 that hospitals in various places in China began to find outpatients with MRSA due to MRSA, especially those with poor physical strength and elderly people. Recently, it has developed into a major social problem. As a countermeasure against nosocomial infections, antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products have attracted people's attention. Shirts and sports underwear that have been treated with antibacterial and deodorant have become mainstream in medical fabrics in hospitals.

The demand for antibacterial and deodorant processing fabrics as an anti-MRSA measure is also increasing, and as the old society comes, the raw materials required for pajamas, bedding, and the like will continue to advance as in various aspects of Table 20. As an antibacterial and deodorant processing cloth for preventing MRSA, there are textile NOMOS, Toyo Textile's AB Eldo, cleaner and other products, and the market for antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products will become larger in the future.

13. Fiber Products Sanitary Processing Agreement

The Ministry of Trade also expressed concern about the expansion of the antibacterial and deodorant processing fiber market. In order to promote the sound development of antibacterial and deodorant processing, the Fiber Products Sanitary Processing Agreement was formed in February of 88 by 47 members of 41 companies. In the third article, (this is to stipulate the standard of presentation, evaluation methods, evaluation criteria, etc. for the production and processing of fiber products, in order to unify the standards of the industry, aiming at the sound development of sanitary processing and the improvement of national life) .

In order to achieve the above objectives, the Fiber Products Processing Association is determined to keep an active connection with the industry and academia, remove the doubts of consumers, measure the means of antibacterial and deodorant processing, and achieve the goal of sound social development and improvement of the quality of life of the people.

Antibacterial and deodorant processing is a general term for various methods of antibacterial processing, anti-mold processing, and deodorization processing. However, in order to prevent consumers from being confused, according to the guidance of the Ministry of Trade, on the basis of the agreement, in June 1983, the same name was Antibacterial and deodorant processing.

In September 1985, the SEK Marking Management Committee was established. In July 1988, its own regulations were established. Products that meet certain standards can be marked with the SEK industry's unified logo. The Fiber Products Sanitary Processing Agreement was commissioned by an industrial technician in 1988. In 1990, the antibacterial test method for fiber products (qualitative method) was established in November, and the JLS specification was compared on the quantitative method.

14. Problems and countermeasures of antibacterial and deodorant processing

Now, the problems existing in antibacterial and deodorant processing and the future countermeasures are shown in Fig. 21. The current Textile Products Sanitary Processing Association has established the management of the durability and washing performance of antibacterial and deodorant processed textile products. The weak acid and alkaline detergents used in the experiment must be of JIS K3371 type. However, there are many varieties of such detergents, in which the types and contents of surfactants are different, the types of washing are different, and the antibacterial power is also different. Moreover, in terms of consumption, in addition to durability, experimental items such as light resistance, abrasion resistance, and salt tolerance are also necessary.

Recently, the antibacterial and deodorant processed fiber products on the market can be classified into a dissolution type and a non-dissolution type. In particular, during the use, the sweat and steam generated on the surface of the human skin are wetted, the antibacterial agent is gradually dissolved, and the antibacterial power is lowered. If the same product is used all the time, the resistant bacteria will also be produced, so the same product cannot be used for a long time, and it is preferable to use it alternately with other processed products. Different antibacterial agents act on different locations, and it is necessary to further improve the selection and processing methods of processing agents that are difficult to produce resistant bacteria. Agents that are prone to produce resistant bacteria will break the balance of common bacteria on the skin due to the proliferation of resistant bacteria, causing fungal infections, and recently the drugs used in the antibacterial and deodorant processing market have little effect on fungi. Breaking the balance of common bacteria on the skin, the possibility of causing fungal infection is high. In order to prevent fungal infections, a processing agent that has an antifungal effect on fungi should be added as appropriate.

Regarding the antibacterial test, the quantitative evaluation of the antibacterial force of the non-dissolved product can also be achieved by basic considerations, and the evaluation of the deodorant force should also establish a feasible experimental method and standardize as early as possible.

15 Conclusion

With the rapid development of China's economy, the special processing technology of fiber products is also advancing with the times and constantly carrying out technological innovations to reach new heights. In the aspect of antibacterial and deodorant processing technology, it should comply with the requirements of consumers and achieve durable and safe use. Continuously overcome its weaknesses and develop new and versatile products. In the antibacterial evaluation of antibacterial and deodorant-treated fiber products, the bacterial growth inhibition test method and Shake Flash method are specified in the nature of the processing agent, and the evaluation law should be determined as early as possible in the future. In order to improve the robustness and enrichment of antibacterial and deodorant processing technology, in order to provide consumers with peace of mind to use the developed products, based on the antibacterial evaluation method, it is also possible to simultaneously measure the deodorant effect evaluation method (the same antibacterial force test method) The JIS standardization of the measured evaluation should also be studied as soon as possible.

Even products that have been benchmarked by the SEK Management Committee should be thoroughly improved in the company's daily quality management, and they can understand their responsibilities and strengthen the quality management mechanism according to the new evaluation method. Facing the 21st century, a truly aging society is about to come, and it is necessary to further improve the health of the clothing and pursue the continuous improvement of the quality of life. As people's lives change from production priority to life-first thinking, they pursue comfort, functionality, and safety. At the same time, research and development of environmentally friendly products will be further developed.

In addition, antibacterial and deodorant processing is driven by consumer demand information. In order to promote the development of antibacterial and deodorant processing, in addition to antibacterial power, it is necessary to pay attention to other functions such as the popularity and artistic value of clothing.

It would be my pleasure if these opinions can help the further development of antibacterial and deodorant processing.

[China Antibacterial Fabric Network ]