The Mohs hardness of nephrite is not high, so in the Neolithic era there have been tools for humans to use jade. China will find Xiuyan jade as the earliest jade in the world in the archaeological discovery of the site of the Xinglongyu culture (about 8,000 years ago) in the Liaodong Peninsula. [1] New Zealand's indigenous people have also discovered numerous relics in their cultural relics, and archaeological evidence has been popular in New Zealand for centuries. In Japan, jade is also used as a material for rituals, especially for jade. There are also jade in the three great artifacts in Japanese history.
Most of the jade artifacts unearthed during the Neolithic period are not the current internationally recognized nephrite class of nephrite, but serpentine species, that is, the jade of cultural concept. Therefore, the jade materials unearthed during this period are often of various types. Xiuyan jade and Dushan jade are the main jade materials of this period.
With the progress of society, the carving process of jade is getting more and more advanced. In the first 16th century, the Chinese Shang Dynasty began to use jade as a symbol of wealth for the slave nobles. And the jade also began to share the functions of political utensils. The emperor often lacked the existence of jade when he divided the aristocrats and granted the ministers wealth. In the Yin Ruins of Henan Province, 755 jade articles were unearthed in the tomb of the woman (the wife of the Shang Dynasty emperor Wu Ding) in 1976, including Xiuyan jade and Hetian jade (this shows that China’s Central Plains region had economic and trade ties with Xinjiang at that time). The jade, jade, jade, jade, jade and other decorations, accessories and rituals made of materials; in the archaeological finds of the Shang Dynasty, also found the "squatting people" and other accessories reflecting the social atmosphere. It shows that in the Shang Dynasty, a variety of systems with a wide range of uses were formed. The styles of the Neolithic period were also developed into simple accessories and carved pieces, indicating that the main tools of the time were bronze processing. development of. Western Han Dynasty Jin Yu Yu Yi. The quality of its production represents the most advanced jade craftsmanship at the time.
As the influence of Confucianism on China and East Asia continues to deepen, the political understanding of jade in its doctrine has also become a social consensus. The jade system was also perfected during this period, and the division of labor between the “six sui†and “six sects†functions has different systems. "Six-piece" comes from "Zhou Li Chunguan·Da Zongbo" "To make six things with jade, to the heavens and the earth, to the heavens and the earth, to the heavens, to the yellow rites, to the green to the east, to the south, to Bai Huli is in the West, with Xuan Zang Li North, as a celestial ritual to worship the four poles of the heavens and the earth, praying for the stability of the country and the peace of society. And "Six Rui" is also from Zhou Li "to make Liu Rui as a jade, to wait for the state: Wang Zhizhen Gui, the public holding Guigui, Hou Zhixin Gui, Bo Zhiyu Gui, Zi Gu Gu, male Zhang Pu," Two kinds of jade articles, Gui and Yu, were divided into six devices by the high and low level of the official system, indicating that the [[centralization of centralization] has been formed. However, some scholars have pointed out that "Zhou Li" was written in the Warring States Period, and its works will inevitably be mixed with Confucianism. When the Son of Heaven worships the heavens and the earth, he must use the jade book to engrave the inscriptions; the Baiguan princes use jade as the printed letter; the sects use the jade, the gentleman to use jade as the standard of virtue; the folk poetry often uses jade as a good thing. Representative symbol. For example, a poem mentioned in "The Book of Songs, Guofeng·Zhounan":
"I voted for the peach, and reported it to Qiongyao. I also reported it, and I thought it would be good."
Among them, "Qiong", "Qiong Yao" and "Qiong" are the famous names of "Jade" at that time. In addition, "the blame of Bai Gui is still grindable; the sorrow of the words can not be done." ("The Book of Songs" · 》》†“Qi Shui is on the right, Quanyuan is on the left. Qiao Xiaozhi’s 瑳, Pei Yu’s å‚©.†(“The Book of Songs·Guo Feng·Wei Fengâ€) In addition, many idioms are also related to jade, such as “Jade Ke Bing Xinâ€, "Jade and stone are burned", etc., there is no difference in these idioms, the meaning of "Jade" is generally the word of Yi.
With the continuous development of Confucian culture in China during the Warring States period, people gradually accepted the role of jade in culture while gradually accepting various factions. Therefore, the cultural significance of jade is also rising, and there are jade objects in poetry, in palaces, and on altars. The allusions to the "He Shi" were presented during this period, and they were extended through historical books such as "Historical Records" and "Warring States Policy" and became a symbol of cultural significance. The cultural meaning of jade is still taking shape.
The production process of the jade wares in the Han Dynasty continued to innovate, and the class of jade articles could be used, from the emperor to the city and the whites. The understanding of jade is added to the symbol of morality. The Eastern Han Xu Shen's "Said the Text" gives five kinds of morals, namely, "the benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, and cleanness". Jade began to gradually develop in both directions of decoration and placement. The jade articles of the Six Dynasties began to develop in a realistic way, and most of the works were based on people and allusions. After the Song Dynasty, jade became a secularized decoration.
Jade was once one of the specialties in the Western Region of the Silk Road. Yu Yu (now Hetian County, Xinjiang, China) is famous for producing white jade and has unearthed records in Iran, Afghanistan and India. Hetian jade is white in color and has a fat luster. It is called "shallow white jade" and is loved by people. In addition, the Junggar Basin and Qinghai in Xinjiang are also rich in jade.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the carving of jade is gradually subject to decoration. Among them, there are many famous jade carvings in the Qianlong period, such as Yushan, and other famous jade products. During this period, the jadeite jadeite began to be welcomed by the society. In the tomb of the Empress Dowager Cixi, a large number of well-made jade jade carvings were found, but they were later lost due to the stolen tomb.
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